Participial Adjectives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
We saw in an earlier section that many adjectives can be identified by their endings. Another major subclass of adjectives can also be formally distinguished by endings, this time by -ed or -ing endings:
battle-hardened soldiers drug-induced coma energy-saving devices fact-finding mission purpose-built accommodation
[3] the noise is annoying the neighbours
Similar indeterminacy occurs with -ed forms. Again, we can generally use very to determine whether the -ed word is adjectival or verbal:
As we have seen, discriminating between adjectival and verbal constructions is sometimes facilitated by the presence of additional context, such as by-agent phrases or adjective complements. However, when none of these indicators is present, grammatical indeterminacy remains. Consider the following examples from conversational English:
John felt depressed |
Selasa, 19 Agustus 2014
Participial Adjectives
Adjectives and Nouns
Nominal Adjectives
Nominal Adjectives
Certain adjectives are used to denote a class by describing one of the attributes of the class. For example, the poor denotes a class of people who share a similar financial status. Other nominal adjectives are:
the sick the wealthy the blind the innocent
the British the Japanese
the Russians the Americans the Poles Nominal adjectives do not refer exclusively to classes of people. Indeed some of them do not denote classes at all:
the contrary the good
the elder of the two the greatest of these the most important among them
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Stative and Dynamic Adjectives
Stative and Dynamic Adjectives
As their name suggests, STATIVE adjectives denote a state or condition, which may generally be considered permanent, such as big,red, small. Stative adjectives cannot normally be used in imperative constructions:- *Be big/red/small
- *He is being big/red/small
- Be brave!
calm careful cruel disruptive foolish friendly good impatient | mannerly patient rude shy suspicious tidy vacuous vain |
All dynamic adjectives can be used in imperatives (Be careful!, Don't be cruel!), and they can also be used predicatively in progressive constructions:
- Your son is being disruptive in class
My parents are being foolish again
We're being very patient with you
Inherent and Non-inherent Adjectives
We have now looked at the main criteria for the adjective class - gradability, comparative and superlative forms, and the ability to occur attributively and predicatively. Most adjectives fulfil all these criteria, and are known as CENTRAL adjectives. Those which do not fulfil all the criteria are known as PERIPHERAL adjectives.
All dynamic adjectives can be used in imperatives (Be careful!, Don't be cruel!), and they can also be used predicatively in progressive constructions:
Inherent and Non-inherent Adjectives
Most attributive adjectives denote some attribute of the noun which they modify. For instance, the phrase a red car may be said to denotea car which is red. In fact most adjective-noun sequences such as this can be loosely reformulated in a similar way:an old man | ~a man who is old |
difficult questions | ~questions which are difficult |
round glasses | ~glasses which are round |
This applies equally to postpositive adjectives:
- something understood ~something which is understood
the people responsible ~the people who are responsible
However, not all adjectives are related to the noun in the same way. For example, the adjective small in a small businessman does not describe an attribute of the businessman. It cannot be reformulated asa businessman who is small. Instead, it refers to a businessman whose business is small. We refer to adjectives of this type as NON-INHERENT adjectives. They refer less directly to an attribute of the noun than inherent adjectives do. Here are some more examples, showing the contrast betwen inherent and non-inherent:
distant hills | distant relatives |
a complete chapter | a complete idiot |
a heavy burden | a heavy smoker |
a social survey | a social animal |
an old man | an old friend |
Stative and Dynamic Adjectives
As their name suggests, STATIVE adjectives denote a state or condition, which may generally be considered permanent, such as big,red, small. Stative adjectives cannot normally be used in imperative constructions:- *Be big/red/small
- *He is being big/red/small
- Be brave!
calm careful cruel disruptive foolish friendly good impatient | mannerly patient rude shy suspicious tidy vacuous vain |
All dynamic adjectives can be used in imperatives (Be careful!, Don't be cruel!), and they can also be used predicatively in progressive constructions:
- Your son is being disruptive in class
My parents are being foolish again
We're being very patient with you
Attributive and Predicative Adjectives
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Adjectives, Attributive and Predicative Adjectives, POS, Reading Skill, Writing Skill
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Characteristics of Adjectives
Characteristics of Adjectives
Adjectives can take a modifying word, such as very, extremely, orless, before them:- very cold weather
extremely large windows
less violent storms
Here, the modifying word locates the adjective on a scale of comparison, at a position higher or lower than the one indicated by the adjective alone.
This characteristic is known as GRADABILITY. Most adjectives are gradable, though if the adjective already denotes the highest position on a scale, then it is non-gradable:
my main reason for coming | ~*my very main reason for coming |
the principal role in the play | ~*the very principal role in the play |
As well as taking modifying words like very and extremely,adjectives also take different forms to indicate their position on a scale of comparison:
The lowest point on the scale is known as the ABSOLUTE form, the middle point is known as the COMPARATIVE form, and the highest point is known as the SUPERLATIVE form. Here are some more examples:
In most cases, the comparative is formed by adding -er , and the superlative is formed by adding -est, to the absolute form. However, a number of very common adjectives are irregular in this respect:
Characteristics of Adjectives
Adjectives can take a modifying word, such as very, extremely, orless, before them:- very cold weather
extremely large windows
less violent storms
Here, the modifying word locates the adjective on a scale of comparison, at a position higher or lower than the one indicated by the adjective alone.
This characteristic is known as GRADABILITY. Most adjectives are gradable, though if the adjective already denotes the highest position on a scale, then it is non-gradable:
my main reason for coming | ~*my very main reason for coming |
the principal role in the play | ~*the very principal role in the play |
As well as taking modifying words like very and extremely,adjectives also take different forms to indicate their position on a scale of comparison:
The lowest point on the scale is known as the ABSOLUTE form, the middle point is known as the COMPARATIVE form, and the highest point is known as the SUPERLATIVE form. Here are some more examples:
In most cases, the comparative is formed by adding -er , and the superlative is formed by adding -est, to the absolute form. However, a number of very common adjectives are irregular in this respect:
Some adjectives form the comparative and superlative using moreand most respectively:
Some adjectives form the comparative and superlative using moreand most respectively:
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